Metal Cutting operations

The various cutting operations performed on metals are chipping, filing, sawing, scraping, tapping and deing.

Chipping
Chipping is used to remove thick layer of material from metal surfaces by using a cutting tool called chisel with the help of a hammer. This method is used when machining is impractical and high accuracy is not required.
Typical chipping operations include cutting off rivet heads, cutting sheet metals, cutting keyways and oil grooves, cleaning casting and welding irregularities etc.

Filing
Filing is used to remove small amount of material from metal surfaces either to shape, size or finish it. Files can work on internal or external surfaces of any geometrical shape. File is moved over the surface to be removed, in a to and fro motion and by applying pressure only in forward stroke.

Sawing
Sawing is done to cut off metals. Sawing can be done manually or by machine called power hack saw. 
The tool used is a hacksaw with a saw fixed tightly on a frame. Sawing is performed with a back and forth stroke and applying pressure in the forward stroke only. Sawing can be done on all metals except hard materials.

Scraping
Scraping means shaving or paring off thin slices or flakes of metal to make a fine smooth surface. Scraping is used to obtain a true flat surface that cannot be produced by machining or filing.
Scraping is done with the tool called scraper with the help of a prussian blue and surface plate for flatness checking.

Tapping & Deing
Manual Internal threading operation is called tapping and external threading operation is called deing. Taps and dies are used for thread cutting.
For tapping, a hole equivalent to the minor diameter of the thread is drilled and then tap with the tapset of required size.
For deing, external diameter is finished by machining and then cut the tread with die set of required size.